The development of social femininity in this world has made many people study more deeply about the things that happen in life. Many people give their interpretations of this social phenomenon, based on their knowledge and beliefs of that person. For example, lay people who say that the phenomenon occurs because it has something to do with mysticism, then the scholars say an event is a destiny or decree from the Creator and there are many more people who say these events are in various assumption.

Seeing this, as students we must be able to think rationally, logically and empirically, but also must be integrated based on a belief so that we can see this social phenomenon from various directions. And we can position ourselves if we mingle in society so that there will be no debate.

Therefore, as students we need scientific principles to answer this social phenomenon, with various scientific methods and a collection of both quantitative and qualitative data in order to support a fact of events that occur in social life in society.

Data collection is carried out to obtain the information needed in order to achieve the research objectives. The objectives expressed in the form of a hypothesis are temporary answers to the research questions. This answer still needs to be tested empirically, and it is for this purpose that data collection is required. The data collected is determined by the variables in the hypothesis. The data was collected by a predetermined sample. The sample consists of a set of analysis units as research targets.

 In simple terms, data collection is defined as a process or activity carried out by researchers to uncover or capture various phenomena, information or conditions of the research location in accordance with the scope of the research.

Definition

Research instruments are tools selected and used by researchers in collecting activities so that these activities become systematic and made easier by them. Data collection instruments are methods that researchers can use to collect data. Instruments as a tool in using data collection methods are means that can be realized in objects, for example questionnaires, test kits, interview guidelines, observation guidelines, scales and so on.

According to Suharmi Arikunto (2006: 149) there are several instruments whose names are the same as the methods, including:

1) The instrument for the test method is a test or test questions

2) Instrument for the questionnaire method or questionnaire is a questionnaire

3) The instrument for the observation method is a check-list

4) The instrument for the observation method is an observation guide or it can also be a check-list

Therefore it can be concluded that the notion of data collection and research instruments is a process carried out to reveal various phenomena that occur in society by using various ways and methods so that this process runs systematically and its validity can be more accountable.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DATA COLLECTION ENGINEERING

Collecting quantitative research data is data collection whose data is statistical figures that can be quantified. The data is in the form of variables and its operation is done with a certain scale such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.

Data collection can be done in various places and in various sources and in various ways. When viewed from the place, it can be collected in the laboratory with experimental methods, at home with various respondents, and others. When viewed from the data source, data collection can use primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are data sources that directly provide data to data collectors, and secondary sources are sources that do not directly provide data to data collectors, for example through other people or through documents.

And the techniques used in collecting quantitative data are as follows:

1. Interview (Interview)

Interviews are used as a data collection technique if the researcher wants to conduct a preliminary study to find problems that must be researched, and also if the researcher wants to know things from the respondents that are more in-depth and the number of respondents is small / small.

The things that need to be held by researchers in using interview techniques and also questionnaires are as follows:

1.  the subject (respondent) is the person who knows best about himself

2. what the subject states to the researcher is true and can be trusted

3. the subject's interpretation of the questions the researcher poses to him is the same as what the researcher intended.

Interviews can be conducted in a structured or unstructured manner, and can be conducted face-to-face or by telephone.

1. Structured interview

Structured interviews are used as a data collection technique, when the researcher or data collector knows exactly what information will be obtained. Therefore, in conducting interviews, data collectors have prepared a research instrument in the form of written questions whose alternative answers have also been prepared. With this structured interview each respondent was asked the same questions, and the data collector recorded them.

In conducting interviews, in addition to having to carry instruments as a guide for interviews, data collectors can also use tools such as tape recorders, pictures, brochures and other materials that can help carry out the interview smoothly. The following are examples of structured interviews about community responses to government services:

1) How is your response to education services in this district?

a) Very good

b) Good

c) Not good

d) Not very good

2) How is your response to health services in this district?

a) Very good

b) Good

c) Not good

d) Not very good

 2. Unstructured interview

Unstructured interviews are independent interviews where the researcher does not use interview guidelines that have been structured systematically and completely for data collection. The interview guide used is only an outline of the problems to be asked. The examples are as follows: "What is your opinion on the current government policy regarding sugar imports? And how is the impact on traders and farmers".

Unstructured interviews are often used in preliminary research instead for more in-depth research on respondents. In preliminary research, the researcher tries to get initial information about the various issues or problems that exist on the object, so that the researcher can determine exactly what problems or variables should be studied.

In unstructured interviews, researchers do not know exactly what data will be obtained, so researchers listen more to what the respondents are saying. Based on the analysis of each of the respondents' answers, the researcher can ask the next questions that are more focused on one goal.

In conducting interviews, the interviewer must pay attention to the situation and conditions so that they can choose the right time when and where to conduct the interview.

2. Questionnaires

The questionnaire is a data collection technique used by giving a set of questions or written statements to the respondent to answer. The questionnaire is an efficient data collection technique if the researcher knows exactly what variables to measure and what can be expected from the respondent.

According to Uma Sekaran (2014) in expressing some of the principles of writing a questionnaire, they are as follows:

1. The principle of writing a questionnaire

1) The content and purpose of the question, what is meant here is that the content of the question is a form of measurement or not. If it is in the form of measurement, then making questions must be careful, each question must have a measurement scale and the number of items is sufficient to measure the variables under study.

2) The language used, the language used in the writing of the questionnaire must be adjusted to the respondent's language skills.

3) Types and forms of questions, the types of questions in the questionnaire can be open or closed, (in structured and unstructured interviews), and the form can use positive and negative sentences.

4) The questions are not ambiguous

5) Not asking who has forgotten

6) The question does not lead, meaning that the question does not lead to only good or bad answers.

7) The length of the questions, the questions in the questionnaire should not be too long, so that it will make respondents saturated in filling out.

8) The sequence of questions, the sequence of questions in the questionnaire, starts from general to specific things, or from easy to difficult things

3. Observation

According to (Arikunto, 2006: 229) in http://www.slideshare.net/NastitiChristianto/teknik-analysis-data-kuantitative-dan-kualitative using observation, the most effective way is to equip it with a format or blank observation as an instrument of consideration then the format arranged contains items about the events or behavior described. From experienced researchers, a clue is obtained that recording observational data is not just taking notes, but also making considerations then making an assessment on a graded scale. For example, paying attention to the reaction of television viewers, not only noting the reaction, but also assessing whether the reaction is very lacking, or not in accordance with what was desired.

QUALITIATIVE DATA COLLECTION ENGINEERING

Qualitative data collection technique is data collection whose data is descriptive in nature, meaning data in the form of categorized symptoms or in other forms such as photos, documents, artifacts, and field notes when the research was carried out.

In qualitative research methods, data is usually collected using several qualitative data collection techniques, namely; interviews, observation, documentation, and focused discussion (Focus Group Discussion). In this approach, the researcher creates a complex picture, examines words, reports in detail from the viewpoint of the respondent, and conducts studies on natural situations (Creswell, 1998: 15). Before each of these techniques is described in detail, it needs to be emphasized here that it is very important that every researcher must understand the reasons why each technique is used, to obtain what information, and which part of the focus of the problem requires interviewing techniques. which one requires the observation technique, which one has to do both. The choice of technique really depends on the type of information obtained.

Data Collection Techniques in Qualitative Research

1. Interview

Interviewing is a process of communication or interaction to collect information by means of question and answer between researchers and informants or research subjects. With advances in information technology like today, interviews can be carried out without face to face, namely through telecommunications media. In essence, an interview is an activity to obtain in-depth information about an issue or theme raised in research. Or, it is a process of proving information or information that has been obtained through other techniques previously.

There are some suggestions that before choosing interview as the method of data collection, the researcher must determine whether the research question can be answered appropriately by the person chosen as the participant. Hypothesis studies should be used to describe a process the researcher uses to facilitate interviews.

Several stages that must be considered in conducting interviews, namely:

a) The setting, the researcher needs to know the actual conditions of the research field to assist in planning data collection. Things that need to be known to support the implementation of data collection include the place for data collection, the time and duration of the interview, and the costs required.

b) The actors, get data on the characteristics of potential participants. This includes the situation that the participant prefers, opening sentences, introductory talks and the attitude of the researcher in approaching.

c) The events, compile the interview protocol, including:

1. Introduction,

2) Opening question,

3) Key questions, and

4) Probing, in this section the researcher will use the results in the second part to make introductory sentences and opening statements, as well as the results of the preparation of interview guidelines as key questions.

d) The process, based on the preparations in the first to third sections, then formulated an overall data collection strategy. This strategy includes all data retrieval planning starting from conditions, strategic approaches and how data collection is carried out.

5) Prioritizing process over results

6) Using non probability sampling.

The differences in quantitative and qualitative research techniques are (Suharsimi, 2006: 13):

CONCLUSION

Collecting data and research instruments is a process and method, tool or way to obtain information about what is being studied. And the techniques used in research can be in the form of quantitative and qualitative research data collection techniques, both of which have many advantages and disadvantages. One of the drawbacks of quantitative research data collection techniques is the difficulty in controlling other variables that can affect the research process either directly or indirectly. Meanwhile, qualitative research data collection techniques have drawbacks, namely that they take a long time, their reliability is questionable, the procedure is not standardized, is not structured and cannot be used for large-scale research.

Observation or observation is an activity towards a process or object with the intention of feeling and then understanding knowledge of a phenomenon based on previously known knowledge and ideas, to obtain the information needed to continue a research.

The operational definition of research variables according to Sugiyono (2015, p. 38) is an attribute or nature or value of an object or activity that has certain variations that have been determined by the researcher to be studied and then draw conclusions.

Variable operationalization is needed to determine the types and indicators of the variables involved in this study. In addition, the operationalization of the variables aims to determine the measurement scale of each variable, so that hypothesis testing using tools can be carried out appropriately. In more detail the operationalization of the variables in this research can be seen in the following table example: