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CONGESTION CONTROL IN DATA NETWORKS
Congestion occurs when the number of packets being transmitted through a network begins to approach the packet-handling capacity of the network. The objective of congestion control is to maintain the number of packets within the network below the level at which performance falls off dramatically.
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Consider the queuing situation at a single packet switch or router, such as is illustrated in Figure 13.1. Any given node has a number of I/O ports3 attached to it: one or more to other nodes, and zero or more to end systems. On each port, packets arrive and depart. We can consider that there are two buffers, or queues, at each port, one to accept arriving packets, and one to hold packets that are waiting to depart. In practice, there might be two fixed-size buffers associated with each port, or there might be a pool of memory available for all buffering activities. In the latter case, we can think of each port having two variable-size buffers associated with it, subject to the constraint that the sum of all buffer sizes is a constant.
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The essence of a cellular network is the use of multiple low-power transmitters. The area to be covered is divided into cells in a hexagonal tile pattern that provide full coverage of the area. A major technical problem for cellular networks is fading, which refers to the time variation of received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path(s).
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