Citation is defined as a bibliography of a number of documents referred to or cited by a document and each bibliography of these documents is contained in the bibliography of the citing document, which specifically examines the author and other works. Citations can also be interpreted as intellectual references to published or unpublished sources by citing a book, author or publication that exists to support the facts.

Understanding Citation According to Experts

The definitions of citations according to experts are as follows;

1. Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers

Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers in ΓÇ£A Pocket Style Manual, Eighth EditionΓÇ¥ suggest that citations are a way you can appreciate other researchers and writers when you use their work in your writing.

2. Garfield

Citation analysis is widely used in bibliometric studies because it clearly represents the required subject, does not require interpretation, is valid and reliable.

3. Guha

Guha mentioned several secondary uses of citations, including 1) Used as a bibliography, 2) Preparing magazine ranking lists, 3) Used as ranking lists, 4) Knowing the relationship between the use of various forms of documents, 5) Knowing the age of use of documents, 6) Knowing the relationship and the relationship between subjects, 7) Knowing the origin or roots of the subject of science, and 8) Study of abstract / index citations.

Types of Citation Sources Used

The citation content may vary depending on the type of source used, which may include:

- Book, Book title, publisher, date of publication, page number, International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

- Journal, Author, title in terms of the article, journal title, publication date, page number.

- Newspaper, Author, article title, newspaper name, section title, and page number if desired, publication date.

- Website, Author, article and publication title, URL, date when the site was accessed, Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

- Rhymes, slash spaces are usually used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and parenthetical quotes usually include the line number.

Along with typical information about the author, publication date, title, and page number, citations also include a unique identifier that is often used for certain types of reference work:

- International Standard Book Number (ISBN): Used for book excerpts.

- Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI): Used for specific volumes, journal articles, or other sections of a magazine.

- Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Used for documents and electronic sources.

- PubMed Identifier (PMID): Used for articles of biomedical research results.

Type of Citation

Citations are a way of rewarding individuals for the creative and intellectual work you use to support your research report. It can also be used to find specific sources and combat plagiarism.

The citation style determines what information is required in a citation and how it is written, as well as punctuation and another formatting. Then, how do you choose the right citation style?

There are many ways to cite sources for your research approach. The style of citation sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. As an example:

1. The APA (American Psychological Association) style is used in the fields of Education, Psychology, and Science

2. The MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used in the Humanities field

3. The Chicago / Turabian style is commonly used in Business, History, and Fine Arts.

Apart from these three styles, there are also other types of styles, namely: Oxford; Harvard; ASA (American Sociological Association); AAA (American Sociological Association); CSE (American Sociological Association); CBE (American Sociological Association).

The form of citation generally refers to one of the generally accepted systems of citation, as mentioned above, because its syntactic conventions are well-known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has advantages and disadvantages. The editor often determines which citation system to use.

Purpose of Citation

The citation has several important objectives, including the following;

1. To uphold intellectual honesty (or avoid plagiarism)

2. To link previous or unoriginal works and ideas with the correct sources

To allow the reader to independently determine whether the material being referenced supports the author's argument through his claim

To help readers measure the strength and validity of the material the author has used.

How to Create Citations

You can incorporate other people's work into your writing in three ways, namely:

1. Quote

The citation must match the source used. Only quote phrases, lines, or sections that are relevant to your subject and do not change the spelling or punctuation of the original quote.

2. Paraphrase

Paraphrasing engages you in writing, phrase by phrase from your source rewriting it into your own words. Your section must be the same length or shorter than the original. Paraphrasing means a complete rewrite of the source part used and not just a rearrangement of words.

3. Summarize

Summarizing includes putting the main idea of ΓÇïΓÇïpassage into your own words. The summary is much shorter than the original source section. Make sure not to change the true meaning of this passage while summarizing the main ideas.

In more detail, here is how to compose a citation based on the three most widely used citation styles, namely the APA, MLA, and Chicago styles.

1. APA Style Citation

There are two citation sections for APA style and another, the short in-line citation form, which leads the reader to a full entry at the end of a chapter or book. Inline citations are different from footnotes, which are notes that are placed at the bottom of the page.

In-line citations, also called in-line citations, are placed within one line of text. To create an in-line citation, cite the author's name and date (in brackets) of the article, report, book, or study, as this example from ΓÇ£A Pocket Style ManualΓÇ¥ shows: Cubuku (2012) argues for a student performance-centered approach, students should maintain ΓÇ£ownership of their goals and activitiesΓÇ¥ (p. 64).

Notice how you put the page number at the end of the in-text citation in parentheses followed by a period (if at the end of a sentence). If there are two authors, state their last name, as follows: "According to Donitsa-Schmidt and Zurzovsky (2014), ..." If there are more than two authors, write the first author's last name followed by the words "et al.", For example Herman et al. (2012) tracked 42 students over a three-year period (p. 49).

At the end of your paper, attach one or more pages to write "Reference". Your paper reader can then open the list of references to read the full citation for each work you cite. There are actually many variations to citation references depending on, for example, whether you are citing a book, journal article, or story from a newspaper, or different types of media, including audio recordings and films.

The most common quotes are books. For such a quote, write the author's last name, followed by a comma, followed by the author's first initial, followed by a period. You would put the year the book was published in brackets, then the book title in italics, followed by a period, where it was published, followed by a colon, and the publisher. ΓÇ£A Pocket Style ManualΓÇ¥ provides an example of this: Rosenberg, T. (2011). Join the club: How peer pressure can transform the world. New York, NY: Norton.

2. MLA Style Citation

The MLA style is often used in English and humanities writing. MLA follows the style of in-text author citation, Purdue OWL notes, an excellent citation, grammar, and writing site operated by Purdue University. Purdue provides examples of in-text citations, which are also called brackets in MLA style. Note that in MLA style, page numbers usually don't appear unless the sentence or quote is a direct quote from the original, as is the case here: Romantic poetry is characterized by "the spontaneous outpouring of strong feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

At the end of the paper, attach a page for ΓÇ£Works CitedΓÇ¥ or the equivalent page for the ΓÇ£ReferencesΓÇ¥ section in APA style. The ΓÇ£Work CitedΓÇ¥ section of the citation is very similar in style to MLA and APA, as in the example of work by multiple authors from Purdue OWL: Warner, Ralph, et al. How to Buy a House in California. Edited by Alayna Schroeder, 12th ed., Nolo, 2009.

Write the author's first name in MLA style; add a comma before "et al."; use the title of a book, journal, or article title; remove places for publication information; follow the publisher's name with a comma, and include the date of publication at the end.

3. Chicago Style Citations

The Chicago-style citation is the oldest of the three major writing and citation styles in the United States, having started with the publication of the first Chicago style guide in 1906. For in-text citation, Chicago style, derived from the University of Chicago's ΓÇ£Chicago Manual of StyleΓÇ¥ Press, is quite simple: the author's last name, publication date, comma, and page number, all in brackets, as follows: (Murav 2011, 219-220) At the end of the paper, include a list of references, which in Chicago style is called a bibliography. Books, journals, and other articles are cited in a manner similar to APA and MLA style.

Include the author's last name, comma, and full first name, followed by the book title in italics, place of publication, followed by a colon, followed by the publisher's name, comma, and publication date, all in parentheses, followed by a comma and page number. Kate L. Turabian, in ΓÇ£A Manual for WritersΓÇ¥ (Chicago version for students), gives the following example: Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little Brown, 2000), 64-65.

Use of Reference Manager in Citation Techniques

References Manager or Citation Management Tools In addition to the risk of plagiarism due to the copy and paste culture, technological developments have also made it easier for writers to quote or cite through various application programs.

This application program, which is commonly called the References Manager or Citation Management Tools, can be easily found and used by writers, both free and paid. Some examples of applications or software include:

a. Mendeley Reference Manager (www.mendeley.com)

b. Zotero (www.zotero.org)

c. EndNote (endnote.com)

d. RefWorks (www.refworks.com)

e. Reference Manager (www.refman.com)

f. CiteULike (www.citeulike.org)

In addition to making citations with certain styles or models that are commonly used, the references manager application has also been developed so that authors and researchers can collaborate with other authors or researchers, looking for sources of information from various sources such as e-journals and e-databases. to be able to provide citation analysis or display citation statistics.

Reference manager applications are now not only to make quotations easier but also to support writers in obtaining valid, good, and scientifically accountable sources of information. Knowledge or skills to use reference managers are important in the context of citation management and avoiding plagiarism at this time. Academics, including librarians, must have the ability at least one of the above reference manager programs.

Sources:

1. Barret Library and Information Technology Services (n.d.). What is a Citation. Accessed from http://www.rhodes.edu/barret/5.1.6_citation.pdf

2. Coates Library, Trinity University. (n.d.). Turabian Stye Citations (Notes ΓÇÉ Bibliography). Accessed July 4, 2013, from http://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/turabiannotes.pdf

3. Hunter, J. (n.d.) The Importance of Citation. Accessed from http://web.grinnell.edu/Dean/Tutorial/EUS/IC.pdf

4. Texas U&M University Library (n.d.) What is a Citation? Accessed from library.tamu.edu/help/helpΓÇÉyourself/usingΓÇÉmaterialsΓÇÉservices/onlineΓÇÉtutorials/ citing ΓÇÉ sources / index.html

For further information on what citations are and how to use the Reference Manager, please look at the PPT as follows: