The Urgency of Research Design

In conducting research, especially for quantitative research, one important step is making a research design. Research design is a strategy to achieve predetermined research objectives and acts as a guide or guide for researchers throughout the research process (Nursalam, 2003: 81).

The same thing was also stated by Sarwono. According to Sarwono (2006) research design is like a road map for researchers who guide and determine the direction of the research process properly and precisely in accordance with the objectives that have been set, without the correct design a researcher will not be able to carry out research properly because the person concerned does not have clear directional guidelines.

In other words, research design, research design, or research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting research. This blueprint details the procedures required to obtain the information needed in preparing or solving the problem being studied. That includes determining which research questions to answer, how and when data will be collected, and how the data will be analyzed.

The research design lays the foundation for conducting a research project. Good design ensures that the research project will be relevant to the problem and will use economical procedures.

Type of research design

The research design depends on the research approach used by the researcher, in terms of intermconsisting of:

1. Quantitative

Quantitative methods are used to test the relationship between variables with the main objective being to analyze and represent the relationship mathematically through statistical analysis. This is the type of research approach most commonly used in scientific research problems.

The scope of quantitative research design includes experimental, causal, correlational, and quasi-experimental designs.

2. Qualitative

Qualitative methods are chosen when the objective of the research problem is to examine, understand, and describe a phenomenon. This method is commonly used in social science research.

Qualitative methods are often used to study ideas, beliefs, human behavior, and other research questions that do not involve the relationship between variables. Research designs that are often used are case studies, historical studies, narrative, phenomenology, and grounded theory.

Type / Research Method

The research method or research design is part of the methodology. You can apply the methodology to various kinds of design research. There are several types of research designs that you can choose according to the research you want to do, including experimental, ethnographic, historical research, correlational, comparative, causal, survey, case study, and action research methods. In the field of information technology, research designs or research methods that are most widely applied are experimental research designs and case studies.

1. Experimental Research

Experimental research is research that allows it to be the cause of a determined behavior. In illustrating experimental research can be carried out in two groups, where the first group is called the control without being given any treatment, while the second group is given treatment which assumes the two groups are the same.

In this experimental design there is also a cause and effect relationship. This causal linkage occurs when the effect is the effect of correlation. The impact causes an effect and you can also seek an explanation of the causal relationship. For example, when looking at the causal linkages between learning systems that implement e-learning and learning systems that don't apply e-learning.

2. Correlational Research (Correlational)

Correlational research is research conducted to see the relationship between two variables. A correlation does not guarantee a causal or causal linkage, but causality does guarantee a correlation.

For example, the growth rate of startups in Jakarta with high smartphone users in Sukabumi. The higher the smartphone user, the higher the startup growth rate. See whether the correlation is meaningful or not. Correlation can be interpreted even though the geographical location is far away. You must be required to be critical when you see a significant correlation or not, otherwise, the correlation will fail or fail.

3. Causal Research - Comparative

Causal - comparative research, also called causal research, is one of the scientific thinking ideas in preparing a research methodology. Causal research can be classified into experimental research but can also be classified in other forms such as comparative. Independent variables in the comparative study cannot be manipulated nor can they be given treatment.

Comparative or comparative research is research that focuses more on the impact or effect that occurs by looking for what is the cause of these impacts and reviewing the differences between two or more groups and providing an explanation of the differences between these groups. For example, why are foreign startups more innovative and creative than domestic local startups.

4. Survey Research

Survey research is included in quantitative research in examining the behavior of the object of research. Survey research is research that uses a sample of a data population and uses a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Survey research requires a population of data in large enough or large numbers so that researchers can get results that reflect real conditions in the field.

For example, you want to know how the market share of website making services is. To answer this problem, it is necessary to have a flow of thought in formulating questions in order to answer the above problems. By using a specific line of questions, you will be able to find out what the respondent's opinion is without them knowing it.

5. Action Research 

Action research is research that focuses on direct social action. This research was carried out by going directly to the research location because the research location could not be carried out by a survey. By studying and understanding and noting existing patterns.

Action research is applied to find ways of doing problems at the same time. This action research is a method that is based on community action which is often carried out in a broad research location or setting, such as in a factory, school, or government office.

6. Historical Research

Historical or historical research is the same as literature research. Historical research is done by reviewing literature and books and following the pattern of the literature or books being reviewed. For example, you want to know how the company's attitude towards internet development. In answering these problems from historical research, you need to summarize and look for historical patterns, especially at the beginning of the application of the internet. From here you have to review the changing era that is represented, especially how the internet has changed from era to era.

7.Case Studies Research

Case study research is research that focuses all attention on a particular case using various objects, be it individuals or groups as a case study material. Case study research is generally used to focus on exploring and collecting deeper data on the object of research being researched so that it can answer the problems that are happening. The research design is descriptive and exploratory in nature.

In the case of study research, there is an empirical investigation of the phenomenon the researcher wants to solve. Suppose what phenomena exist in the AI ΓÇïΓÇïfield. How and why people who use AI fail, some succeed. This phenomenon can be explored by conducting case study research. Case studies can be obtained from organizations, communities, companies, schools, or larger scope.

8. Ethnographic research

Ethnographic research is research that focuses on the self and culture of a group of people or society. Usually, this research design is applied to research about culture in general. Ethnographic research is similar to action research, it focuses on the organization that defines groups of people. For example, a study on the distribution of irrigation in Sukabumi. The people gather to distribute water to the fields.

Overview

The background of the problem is information that is arranged systematically with regard to problematic phenomena and problems that are interesting to examine. Problems occur when ideal expectations about something are not the same as the reality that happens. Not all problems are phenomena and interesting. A phenomenal problem is when it becomes the attention of many people and is discussed in various circles in society.

The background is intended to explain the reasons why the problems in research want to be studied, the importance of the problems, and the approaches used to solve these problems both from a theoretical and practical perspective.

The research background contains:

Rational and essential reasons that make researchers interested in conducting research based on facts, data, references, and previous research findings. Symptoms of gaps in the field as a rationale for raising problems and how research fills existing gaps in relation to the topic under study. The complexity of the problem if the problem is ignored and will have an impact that is difficult, hindering, disturbing, and even threatening.

Approaches to addressing problems from a policy and theoretical perspective. A brief explanation of the position or position of the problem under study within the scope of the research field.

How to create a problem background with the following steps:

At the beginning of the background is an overview of the problem to be raised. With the inverted pyramid model, create an overview of problems ranging from global things to focus on the core problem, the object, and scope to be studied. In the middle section, reveal facts, phenomena, data, and expert opinion regarding the importance of the problem and its negative effects if not resolved immediately with the support of previous theories and research. The final section is filled with alternative solutions that can be offered (theoretical and practical) and finally, the title appears.